What is the process called when an individual is formally accused of a crime?

The process of formally accusing an individual of a crime is known as prosecution or filing of charges. This involves the legal authority, typically the prosecutor's office, bringing forward evidence and formally stating that a person has committed a specific criminal offense. This step is crucial in the criminal justice system as it initiates the legal proceedings against the accused and outlines the specific charges they will face.

In contrast, arraignment refers to the court appearance wherein the accused is informed of the charges, and they have an opportunity to enter a plea. It occurs after the charges have already been filed. A trial is the stage of the legal process where the evidence is presented, and a determination of guilt or innocence is made. Investigation involves gathering facts and evidence regarding a suspected crime but does not involve formally accusing someone. Each of these processes plays a distinct role in the criminal justice system, but the act of formally accusing someone directly relates to the prosecution or filing of charges.